Elle gratuite et consultable sans connexion internet. De Socrate à Sartre, en passant par Descartes, Kant ou encore Nietzsche. They found that a key measure that correlates with many of the red flags is the overall skewness, or inequality, in the distribution of citations that scientists receive from others’ work: some researchers are cited an unusually large number of times by just a few papers.The researchers did not have access to a database of all scientists’ work, so they analysed public records in the database PubMed. Both Waltman and Vincent Lariviere, a bibliometrician at the University of Montreal in Canada, say that making peer-review reports more transparent might help to address the issue.An underlying problem that incentivizes citation hacking is that scientists are too-often rewarded based on simple citation counts, says Waltman. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. He sees skewed citing patterns as markers for further investigation.Plotting the global distribution of skewness in records of scientists’ citations by others ought to produce a symmetrical curve, says Wren, but doesn’t.

Voici un florilège de ces superbes citations. 1,314 likes. An algorithm developed to spot abnormal patterns of citations aims to find scientists who have manipulated reference lists. Researchers who have strange patterns of citations tend also to cite themselves heavily, the study found.Wren does not directly name researchers in the paper, because of legal concerns, but he analyses a few individual citation records in detail and says the full figures are available on request. Apprendre a philosopher c est apprendre a mieux connaitre la vie But Ludo Waltman, a bibliometrician at the Leiden University in the Netherlands, says that he doesn’t feel comfortable with the way the analysis draws a binary distinction between ‘manipulated’ and ‘non-manipulated’ references, when there are many complex reasons for citing others. Citations et phrases philosophiques Les phrases philosophiques sont principalement tirées de textes de grands philosophes comme Confucius, Aristote, Descartes, Platon, Sartre, Diderot, Kant, Pascal, Voltaire… Ce sont des citations qui proviennent généralement de leurs ouvrages et dans de rares cas de leurs discours ou de témoignages.
See actions taken by the people who manage and post content. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Contact Citation philosophique on Messenger. Page created - August 22, 2016. Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. Venez à la rencontre des citations avec explication sur tous les thèmes qui existent. Page Transparency See More. To obtain Top 51 des citations philosophiques (utile au Bac !) But because most peer-review processes are confidential, Wren hoped to spot such cases by examining citation records.
S'il est impossible que tous les hommes soient heureux, tâchez qu'il n'y en ait de malheureux que le moins possible. They might be skewed by mega-reviews of a field that heavily cite key researchers, for instance, although he says he tested this by removing such reviews from the analysis. Internet Explorer). On that basis, he suggests that around 16% of authors overall have engaged in some kind of reference-list manipulation at one time or other, even if it’s not possible to conclude that their individual records are unnatural. On 13 August, he and Constantin Georgescu, also at the OMRF, The study has not yet been peer-reviewed and has many caveats, but its method appears technically sound, say two bibliometricians who were not involved in the work.Wren began to study citation patterns after he discovered an outlandish case in which a highly cited US biophysicist repeatedly manipulated the peer-review process to gain extra citations. The researcher, Wren says that after he uncovered Chou’s behaviour, he began getting e-mails from researchers asking him to check the records of other scholars whom they thought might be involved in citation hacking. 254 likes. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles possible: citations sur possible parmi une collection de 100.000 citations. Fictional Character. This, he adds, is what ultimately needs to change.Wren, J. D. & Georgescu, C. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.248369 (2020).An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday.An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday. Sélection des meilleures citations philosophiques Les grands penseurs et philosophes ont toujours été généreux en grande phrase, de nombreux extraits sont restés célèbres. This limits the study, but gives an idea of the citation patterns for around 20,000 scientists. . and JavaScript.Scientists who get too many references to their own work inserted in others’ papers — whether by prior arrangement or by asking for extra references during peer review — might leave telltale fingerprints in the citation record, say two researchers who have developed a way to detect what they call citation hacking.“If someone is trying to manipulate their citations, they have to leave this mark,” says bioinformatician Jonathan Wren, at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF) in Oklahoma City. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Around 80 — including Chou — have extremely skewed patterns of citations accrued from others, together with other red-flag indicators. Citation de Pierre-Claude-Victor Boiste; Le dictionnaire universel (1800) En disant: « C'est impossible », nous croyons nous dispenser. Cette application contient plus de 500 000 citations philosophiques et leurs auteurs.